The balance of energy intake and expenditure by the brain relies on the complex integration of signals originating in the periphery with those from diffuse neuronal networks within the brain itself.

Medically reviewed by Maggie Moon, MS, RD Your diet plays a significant role in your heart health. Some foods, like processed meats and fried foods, can increase the risk of heart disease risk factors ...

Choosing high-protein snacks can keep you full between meals, support blood sugar regulation, and promote a healthy body ...

GLP = Glucagon-like peptide; LHA = Lateral hypothalamic area; NTS = Nucleus tractus solitarius; OXM = Oxyntomodulin; PYY = Peptide YY; PVN = Paraventricular nucleus; VMN = Ventromedial nucleus.

CCK denotes cholecystokinin, GI gastrointestinal, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, and PYY peptide YY. Hunger is controlled by redundant neuroendocrine circuitries that maintain metabolic balance.

SCFAs, Short-Chain Fatty Acid; PYY, Peptide YY; GLP-1, Glucagon Like Peptide-1; CKK, Cholecystokinin; IL, interleukin. Since the MGB-axis includes components directly involved with the nervous system, ...

The decrease of Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) leads to the decrease of peptide YY (PYY) through G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 41, which in turn leads to the decrease of gut motility and nutrient ...

If diarrhea becomes chronic, it can manifest in persistent hunger. On the other hand, eating too little fiber can lead to decreases in a gut hormone called peptide YY (PYY) which suppresses appetite.

As a potential therapeutic approach, Xie et al. designed peptides based on IDR1 sequences that could bind FOXM1 and prevent its self-association and phase separation. The peptides were synthesized ...