umn.edu In any research study, variables may be associated due to either ‘cause and effect’ or alternative reasons that are not causal. While all causal relationships are associational, not all ...

The line between correlational and causal PA research is narrow, and confounding and reverse causation may lead to false conclusions. We contend that data must be able to answer a causal question ...

The Body Brain Interactions ERP (Early Research Programme) is a unique collaboration between ... the TNO researchers have achieved a feat that is unique in the world: identifying main causal links ...