To the point where, in most cases, they can quite literally flex and bend without breaking — though not so much if they're attached to rigid materials like glass or metal. Thin film solar panels ...

Lead selenide (PbSe) thin films are a significant area of research ... films coated on different substrates, such as amorphous glass and crystalline silicon, exhibited varying physical properties.

By irradiating two laser beams the randomness of a dye in a glass matrix could be changed to an ordered direction. By this “optical poling” method a thin film of glass could be changed to ...

“All-thin-film tandems could be a long-term prospect ... That would be the same method used in the CaeluxOne product line, an active glass solution with perovskite on the inside of the cover ...