In 2007, two Russian minisubs planted a titanium flag at the North Pole at a depth of 4,300 meters below the surface of the Arctic Ocean, setting off a rush to stake out claims to the seabed.

Not everyone has noticed, but the UN recently endorsed Russia’s claim to own much of the seabed below the Arctic Ocean – including ... a titanium Russian flag on the North Pole seabed in ...

The Arctic Ocean (Figure 1), the smallest of the world's five major oceans, is about 4000km (2500 miles) long and 2400km (1500 miles) wide, about the size of the continental USA. It lies entirely ...